ABSTRACT: Plants use light as a source of energy in the process of photosynthesis. Different levels of luminosity cause physiological and morphological changes in the plant, and its success depends on its adaptation to these different levels. Light emitting diodes (LED) have been proposed as a light source in controlled environments. The present research evaluated physiological and morphological aspects in Eucalyptus benthamii (Myrtaceae) seedlings kept under different colors of LED lamps and submitted to water stress. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in which the treatments were defined as: T1 (control, with white light); T2 (blue light); T3 (red light) and T4 (mixed blue and red light). Red light resulted in the best response to most morphological variables in plant growth. In response to water stress, blue light LEDs resulted in a better seedling response, with slower reduction of photosynthetic rate and other variables. This may indicate the possibility of reducing water deficit damage in seedlings acclimated to blue light prior to field planting.

RESUMO: As plantas utilizam a luz como fonte de energia no processo de fotossíntese. Diferentes níveis de luminosidade causam mudanças fisiológicas e morfológicas na planta, e o seu sucesso depende da sua adaptação a esses diferentes níveis. Diodos de emissão de luz (LED) têm sido propostos como fonte luminosa para ambientes controlados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar aspectos fisiológicos e morfológicos em mudas de Eucalyptus benthamii (Myrtaceae) mantidas sob diferentes cores de lâmpadas LED e submetidas ao estresse hídrico. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo que um avaliou o efeito de diferentes cores de LEDs no crescimento das mudas e outro analisou o efeito das luzes na aclimatação das mudas e após exposição a deficit hídrico. O experiment foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em que os tratamentos foram definidos como T1 (controle, com luz branca); T2 (luz azul); T3 (luz vermelha) e T4 (luz azul e vermelha mista). A luz vermelha resultou em melhor resposta para a maioria das variáveis morfológicas no crescimento das plantas. Emresposta ao estresse hídrico, os LEDs de luz azul resultaram em uma melhor resposta das mudas, reduzindo mais lentamente a taxa fotossintética e demais variáveis. Isso pode indicar a possibilidade de reduzir os danos de deficit hídrico nas mudas aclimatadas com luz azul anteriormente ao plantio a campo.

ABSTRACT When producing Ilex paraguariensis seedlings through vegetative propagation, selecting the correct populations and genotypes, and obtaining juvenile material, may be fundamental for its success. Therefore, this search aimed to test its vegetative propagation through cutting and rescue using detached branches of different populations in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Thus, two experiments were installed in September 2019 in order to test: I) the cuttings of four populations belonging to the municipalities of Catanduvas (CT), Painel (PL), Três Barras (TB), and Urupema (UR), using ten randomly chosen genotypes from each, and; II) the epicormic sprouting of detached branches from these same populations. Both experiments were carried out in Lages, Santa Catarina. In February 2020, the cutting was evaluated according to the percentages of survival, callus, rooting, new sprouts, and original leaves permanence. The branches were evaluated every 30 days after storing, observing the percentages of sprouting branches, number of sprouts, and length of sprouts in centimeters. As for cutting, there was a low survival percentage in all populations (<15%), but some genotypes presented greater vigor, such as TB1 (46%), TB7, and TB3 (both 28%). Most live cuttings presented calluses (>70%), characteristic of material of high maturity. Rooting was low for populations (<1.5%) and genotypes (<10%). Branches presented sprouts up to 60 days, with TB presenting the highest total number of sprouts (approximately 300) and the greatest average length (2.8 cm). In general, survival and rooting of cuttings were affected by both populations and genotypes, highlighting TB. A similar response was observed for the branches’ sprouting. New studies with more populations, further analyses of the branches’ characteristics, and better storage conditions are recommended.

RESUMO Quando produzidas mudas de Ilex paraguariensis através da propagação vegetativa, a seleção correta das populações, genótipos, e ser capaz de obter material juvenil, são fundamentais para seu sucesso. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi testar sua propagação vegetativa por estaquia e resgate utilizando galhos destacados de diferentes populações do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Desta forma, dois experimentos foram instalados em setembro de 2019 para testar: I) a estaquia de quatro populações, pertencentes aos municípios de Catanduvas (CT), Painel (PL), Três Barras (TB) e Urupema (UR), utilizando dez genótipos escolhidos aleatoriamente de cada, e; II) a brotação epicórmica de galhos destacados destas mesmas populações. Ambos os experimentos foram conduzidos em Lages, Santa Catarina. Em fevereiro de 2020, a estaquia foi avaliada de acordo com as porcentagens de: sobrevivência, calos, enraizamento, novas brotações e permanência das folhas originais. Os galhos foram avaliados a cada 30 dias após seu acondicionamento observando as porcentagens de galhos com brotações, número de brotações e comprimento em centímetros. Para a estaquia, houve baixa sobrevivência em todas as populações (<15%), mas com maior vigor em alguns genótipos, tais como TB1 (46%), TB7 e TB3 (ambos 28%). A maior parte das estacas vivas apresentou calo, característico de material de elevada maturidade. O enraizamento foi baixo nos níveis de população (<1,5%) e genótipo (<10%). Os galhos apresentaram brotações até 60 dias, com TB apresentando o maior número total de brotações (aproximadamente 300) e de maior comprimento médio (2,8 cm). Em termos gerais, a sobrevivência e o enraizamento de estacas foram afetados por ambos população e genótipo, destacando-se TB. Uma resposta similar foi observada para a brotação de galhos. Novos estudos contendo mais populações, análises mais aprofundadas das características dos galhos e melhores condições de acondicionamento são recomendadas..

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the presence of physical dormancy in seeds of Psidium cattleianum (araçá), obtained from fruits of different stages of maturation. The fruits were collected from 15 parent plants in the municipality of Lages-SC and classified, according to the Munsell color chart, in yellowish red (5YR5 / 7), red (10R5 / 6) and dark red (10R3 / 6). After beneficiation, with the aid of a sieve and running water, the seeds of the fruits of the three colors were evaluated for: water content, dry mass, first germination count, germination, abnormal seedlings, dead seeds, first emergency count, emergency, days to start the emergency, emergency speed index, water soak curve and methylene blue soak. The water contents were 22.02, 23.53 e 23.08%, for seeds of colors 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was no significant difference between the seeds of the fruits of the three colors for all variables analyzed, except for the emergence speed index, where seeds of colors 2 fruits were more vigorous in relation to the seeds of the other colors. The soaking process was characterized by a three-phase curve, with root protrusion starting at 275, 323, 323 hours, for fruit seeds of colors 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Methylene blue entered the seeds on the first day, with complete absorption in 371 h (16 days). The results showed that the seeds of the three colors of the fruit were already at physiological maturity, with similar results in relation to the dry mass. It is concluded that mature seeds of Psidium cattleianum Sabine do not have physical dormancy, regardless of the colors of the fruits studied.

Resumo Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a presença de dormência física em sementes de Psidium cattleianum (araçá), obtidas de frutos de diferentes estádios de maturação. Os frutos foram coletados em 15 plantas matrizes no município de Lages-SC e classificados, de acordo com a tabela de cores de Munsell, em vermelho amarelado (5YR5/7), vermelho (10R5/6) e vermelho escuro (10R3/6). Após o beneficiamento, com auxílio de peneira e água corrente, as sementes dos frutos das três colorações foram avaliadas quanto: teor de água, massa seca, primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, plântulas anormais, sementes mortas, primeira contagem de emergência, emergência, dias para iniciar a emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, curva de embebição em água e embebição em azul de metileno. Os teores de água estavam em 22,02; 23,53 e 23,08% para as sementes das colorações 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa entre as sementes dos frutos das três colorações para todas as variáveis analisadas, exceto para o índice de velocidade de emergência, em que sementes de frutos da coloração 2 demonstraram-se mais vigorosas em relação às sementes das demais colorações. O processo de embebição em água foi caracterizado por uma curva trifásica, com início da protrusão radicular em 275, 323, 323 horas, para sementes de frutos de colorações 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Observou-se entrada do azul de metileno nas sementes já no primeiro dia, com absorção completa em 371 h (16 dias). Com base nos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que as sementes das três colorações do fruto já estavam na maturidade fisiológica, com resultados semelhantes em relação à massa seca. Conclui-se que sementes maduras de Psidium cattleianum Sabine não possuem dormência física, independente da coloração dos frutos estudados.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the main causes of low germination of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (Rutaceae) seeds. Initially, the physical and physiological qualities were evaluated in seeds from four areas (lots) (Step I). Then, tests were performed (Step II) to determine physical dormancy (imbibition in water and methylene blue), physiological (germination test with scarification) and morphological (analysis of the embryo), in addition to histochemical analysis and (Step III) bioassay in aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts. In Step I, a low germination was observed in all evaluated lots (≤ 1.0%); however, in the tetrazolium test, a high viability was verified for the Dois Vizinhos lot (88%). The lots showed differences in their physical aspects, with the predominance of seeds with damage. In Stage II, developed embryos were verified and there has no germination without the tegument. The methylene blue and histochemical test indicated the presence of an impermeable and thick tegmen. The bioessays with hydroalcoholic extracts indicated the presence of germination inhibitor(s). The main causes associated with low germination of Z. rhoifolium seeds are attributed to the combined dormancy due to an impermeable tegmen and some non-specific physiological dormancy, as well as the presence of damaged seeds. The seeds also contain germination inhibitors.

RESUMO: O trabalho teve como objetivo mensurar os efeitos de déficit hídrico, saturação e efeito da salinidade em mudas de Toona ciliata. Foram testados sete tratamentos: controle, suspensão completa de irrigação, saturação permanente do solo no vaso e quatro diferentes doses de NaCl (50, 100, 200 e 400 µmol). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições. Foram realizadas avaliações fisiológicas ao longo do experimento e ao final, avaliações morfológicas. As plantas foram responsivas aos estresses aplicados comparativamente ao controle. Havendo redução em variáveis morfológicas e fisiológicas em todos os tratamentos sobre estresse. Todos os indivíduos sob estresse tiveram uma pequena recuperação ao final do experimento, iniciando a rebrotar, representando uma possível adaptação ao estresse.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper was to test the effects of water deficit, saturation and salinity in individuals of Toona ciliata. Seven treatments were tested: the control group, the complete suspension of irrigation, the permanent saturation of the pot soil and four doses of NaCl (50, 100, 200 and 400 µmol). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 8 repetitions in each treatment. Physiologic evaluations were carried out during the experiment, and morphologic evaluations at the end. The plants were responsive to the applied stresses comparatively to the control group. Reductions were observed in morphological and physiological variables in all treatments under stress. All individuals under stress recovered slightly in the end of the experiment, and began to sprout again, representing a probable adaptation to the conditions.

Resumo A estratificação das sementes de Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hill. (erva-mate) em areia úmida por períodos de quatro a seis meses é uma prática comum em viveiros, utilizada para a superação de dormência das mesmas. Entretanto, este processo pode apresentar difícil controle fitossanitário, devido ao elevado grau de umidade e a grande concentração de sementes no mesmo local. Assim, objetivou-se verificar a influência da estratificação em areia autoclavada na qualidade sanitária de sementes de erva-mate. Sementes de quatro lotes foram submetidas à estratificação em areia úmida autoclavada, durante três e seis meses, tendo sua sanidade avaliada em meio BDA ao final destes períodos, assim como em sementes que não passaram por estratificação. Ao final do período de estratificação, as sementes apresentaram aspecto superficial escurecido, o que pode estar ligado à ação dos fungos na degradação do endocarpo. Foram identificados: Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium guttiforme, Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. Já Aureobasidium melanogenum, Trichoderma sp., Curvularia sp., Rhizopus sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp. e Bipolaris sp. tiveram menores ocorrências. Observou-se a redução de Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium guttiforme, Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp. após a estratificação em areia autoclavada e o gênero Paecilomyces somente foi observado aos 180 dias de estratificação, podendo estar relacionado com a degradação do endocarpo de sementes de Ilex paraguariensis.

Abstract The stratification of Ilex paraguariensis seeds (yerba mate) in wet sand for periods of four to six months is a common practice in nurseries, used to overcome their dormancy. However, this process may present difficult phytosanitary control due to the high moisture content and the high concentration of seeds in the same place. Thus, the present work had the objective of verifying the influence of the stratification in autoclaved sand on the sanitary quality of yerba mate seeds from different lots. Seeds of four lots were submitted to wet stratification for three and six months, and their sanity was evaluated at the end of these periods, as well as seeds that did not undergo stratification. At the end of the stratification period, the seeds had a darkened surface appearance, which may be related to the action of the fungi in the degradation of the endocarp. These ones were identified: Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium guttiforme, Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. Already Aureobasidium melanogenum, Trichoderma sp., Curvularia sp., Rhizopus sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp. and Bipolaris sp. had fewer occurrences. Observed reduction of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium guttiforme, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. after stratification and the genera Paecilomyces was only observed at 180 days of stratification, and may be related to the degradation of the endocarp of Ilex paraguariensis seeds.

ABSTRACT The vegetative growth of plants depends on the nutritional conditions of the soil, mainly in relation to the N element. This element favours the formation of cytokines and auxins, essential hormones for sprouting and rooting, respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen fertilization of Ilex paraguariensis mother trees on epicormic sprouts emission and rooting of its cuttings. Five treatments of fertilization were applied on the mother trees: control; 250 g of urea (N); 250 g of NPK (5-20-10); 500 g of NPK, and; 250 g of NPK with 30 g of micronutrients. Two evaluations (at 240 and 480 days) were carried out for: trees with sprouts emission (%), average sprouts number and their average length (cm). Sprouts were collected at both vegetative evaluations after the application of the experiment (August 2016) and sectioned into cuttings. Cuttings variables were evaluated: survival (%); rooting (%), callus formation (%) and average root number. The best response to epicormic sprouts emission was obtained with 250 g of NPK at 480 days for trees with sprouts (>75%), sprouts number (4.4) and sprouts length (9.9), but considerable results were also obtained at 240 days with urea. For cuttings, the best results were also obtained from sprouts obtained at 480 days for most treatments (>80% survival and rooting). Nitrogen fertilization is essential for a successful vegetative rescue and propagation by cuttings of I. paraguariensis, and longer periods may be able to boost these results.

SUMMARY: Sequoia sempervirens is a fast-growing, long-lived tree with pest-resistant wood. The objective of this study was to quantify the adventitious rooting ability of sequoia clones in two environments as well as determining rooting behavior during the evaluation period. Mini-cuttings of five clones grown in a clonal mini-garden were planted for rooting in two different environments: a mini-tunnel and an intermittently fogging greenhouse. Weekly assessments (from 30 to 93 days) of the variables were performed: survival, rooted mini-cuttings and number of roots emitted. Rooting speed varied in relation to the clones, occurring mainly between 50 and 60 days after planting, with the appearance of new roots between 70 and 80 days. The cultivation environment promoted distinct responses in the rooting process, being earlier in the greenhouse environment, although with a higher index in the mini-tunnel at the end of the evaluation. The process of differentiation of mini-cuttings occurs initially with the formation of calluses, around 15 days, followed by rooting (between 30 and 60 days) and the subsequent appearance of new roots. The rooting of sequoia mini-cuttings can be done in a mini-tunnel, with good indexes for all clones. It is recommended to keep mini-cuttings in this environment for 90 days for good root formation.

RESUMEN: Sequoia sempervirens es un árbol longevo de rápido crecimiento con madera resistente a plagas. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la capacidad de enraizamiento adventicio de clones de S. sempervirens en dos ambientes, así como determinar el comportamiento de enraizamiento durante el período de evaluación. Se plantaron miniestaquillas de cinco clones cultivados en minihuertos clonales para enraizar en dos ambientes diferentes: mini túnel e invernadero de nebulización intermitente. Se realizaron evaluaciones semanales (de 30 a 93 días) de las variables: supervivencia (%), mini estaquillas enraizadas (%) y raíces emitidas. La velocidad de enraizamiento varió en relación con los clones, ocurriendo principalmente entre 50 y 60 días después de plantados, con la aparición de nuevas raíces entre 70 y 80 días. El ambiente de cultivo promovió respuestas distintas en el proceso de enraizamiento, siendo más temprano en el invernadero de nebulización intermitente, pero con un índice más alto en el mini túnel al final de la evaluación. El proceso de diferenciación de mini estaquillas ocurrió inicialmente con la formación de callos, alrededor de 15 días, seguido de enraizamiento (entre 30 y 60 días) y la posterior aparición de nuevas raíces. El enraizamiento de las mini estaquillas se puede hacer en un mini túnel, con buenos índices para todos los clones, y se recomienda mantener las mini estaquillas en este ambiente durante 90 días para una buena formación de raíces.

ABSTRACT We analyzed the rooting of sequoia mini-cuttings from different clones in the four seasons of the year and the use of the logistic model to estimate the time of maximization of rooting in each factor of analysis. Mini-cuttings of five clones grown in clonal mini-garden were placed to root in mini-tunnel in four seasons of the year. Weekly evaluations were performed (from 30 to 93 days) of these variables: survival (%), rooted mini-cuttings (%) and a number of emitted roots. These data were used to adjust the original logistic function. The experiment was set in completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme of 5 (clones) x 4 (seasons), using five replicates of 50 mini-cuttings per experimental unit. During the winter the lowest rooting of mini-cuttings was achieved (85%), with rates higher than 90% in other seasons. In winter, slower rooting also occurred, around 60-70 days, while in other seasons it was between 50-60 days after mini-cutting planting. The rooting process is dependent on the clones. Our data showed that four clones presented rooting greater than 90% and one less than 70%. In general, mini-cuttings can be performed at any time of the year, recommending the period of 90 days in mini-tunnel.

ABSTRACT The induction of epicormic shoots is very important for the success of vegetative propagation in forestry species, due to the high rooting capacity of the reinvigorated material. However, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate technique for this purpose, aiming for greater productivity and better reinvigoration, which may be different for each species. The objective of this search was to evaluate different induction techniques for the production of epicormic shoots in I. paraguariensis mother trees in the municipality of Urupema, Santa Catarina state, considering four rescue techniques: complete girdling (100%); semi-girdling (50%); detached live branches, and; shoots of the treetop (canopy). Three evaluations were made for: trees with epicormic shoots (%), average number of shoots and their average length (cm). Shoots were collected at 180 days after (February 2017) the application of the experiment (August 2016), separating in: rejuvenated shoots and of the treetop. At 90 days, cuttings variables were evaluated: rooting (%), calogenesis (%), average root number and their average length (cm). The semi-girdling was superior to shoot length (5.3 cm). The detached live branches obtained the highest average number of shoots (4.7), however, they were not able for cutting, due to their short length (0,6 cm). For cutting, there was only difference for the number of roots formed, and the rejuvenated material was superior (2,3) than treetop (0.8). It is recommended the use of semi-girdling technique for greater production of juvenile shoots and use reinvigorated cuttings for vegetative propagation, considering the greater number of roots formed.